What does neuroticism refer to in personality psychology?

Neuroticism is a fundamental trait in personality psychology that is characterized by a tendency towards emotional instability, anxiety, and mood swings. Individuals high in neuroticism may experience negative emotions more frequently and intensely compared to those lower in this trait. They might be more susceptible to feelings of stress, worry, and frustration. This can lead to behaviors such as overreacting to stressors, difficulties in coping with challenges, and an overall predisposition towards experiencing negative emotional states.

The correct answer highlights the core features of neuroticism, which distinguishes it from other personality traits. Emotional stability, for instance, would be the opposite of what neuroticism denotes, indicating a calm and resilient emotional state. The concept of self-efficacy relates to an individual's belief in their capabilities but does not encompass the emotional fluctuations linked to neuroticism. Finally, a stable and predictable personality would contrast sharply with the experiences typical of high neuroticism, where emotional responses are often less predictable and more variable. Thus, the emphasis on emotional instability, anxiety, and mood swings clearly captures the essence of the neuroticism construct in personality psychology.